一氧化氮对猕猴桃果实营养品质和活性氧代谢的影响

分别用10、20和30μL.L-1一氧化氮(NO)气体熏蒸猕猴桃果实,研究NO对采后徐香猕猴桃(Actinidia chi-nensis Planch.cv.Xuxiang)的营养品质变化和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,20μL.L-1 NO处理后的猕猴桃果实含有较低的可溶性固形物和较高的可滴定酸、维生素C,且果实中丙二醛和超氧自由基质量分数低于其他体积分数的NO熏蒸处理(10和30μL.L-1 NO)。20μL.L-1 NO处理降低了猕猴桃果实中LOX活性,延缓了猕猴桃果实采后期间CAT活性的降低,显著提高了猕猴桃果实SOD和POD活性,且显著降低了猕猴桃果实中过氧化氢的质量分数。20μL.L-1 NO气体熏蒸保持了猕猴桃中较高的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素以及维生素E的质量分数。     

Managing field margins for biodiversity and carbon sequestration: a Great Britain case study

Abstract. Field margins are a valuable resource in the farmed landscape, providing numerous environmental benefits. We present a preliminary analysis of the carbon mitigation potential of different field margin management options for Great Britain, calculated using data from long-term experiments and literature estimates. The carbon sequestration potential of the individual options investigated here varies from 0.1 to 2.4% of 1990 UK CO₂-C emissions, or 0.7–20% of the Quantified Emission Limitation Reduction Commitment (QELRC). The scenarios investigated covered three possible margin widths and options for the management of margins at each width (viz. grass strips, hedgerows and tree strips). Scenarios involving margin widths of 2, 6 or 20 m would require approximately 2.3, 6.7 or 21.3% of the total arable area of Great Britain, respectively. Scenarios including tree strips offered the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, since large amounts would be accumulated in above-ground biomass in addition to that in soil. We also accounted for the possible impacts of changed land management on trace gas fluxes, which indicated that any scenario involving a change from arable to grass strip, hedgerow or tree strip would significantly reduce N₂O emissions, and thus further increase carbon mitigation potential. There would also be considerable potential for including the scenarios investigated here with other strategies for the alternative management of UK arable land to identify optimal combinations. We assumed that it would take 50–100 years for soil carbon to reach a new equilibrium following a land use change. More detailed analyses need to be conducted to include environmental benefits, socioeconomic factors and the full system carbon balance.     

自由基化学改性氧化石墨烯对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

氧化石墨烯（Graphene Oxide,GO）拥有较大的比表面积和较高的稳定性，可用来吸附水体中的多种污染物，其潜在功能稳定性具有规模化应用前景。考虑到GO在高级氧化体系中结构和形貌会发生改变，探究了经UV/H2O2和UV/过硫酸盐(Persulfate, PS)产生强氧化性自由基的体系处理后所得GOs对亚甲基蓝(Methylene Blue, MB)的吸附性能。氧化性自由基体系光源为300 W中压汞灯，30 mL GO储备液(1 mg/mL)在2种氧化体系下反应1、2、4 h后制得GOs。实验考察了不同反应条件对GOs吸附动力学的影响，傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了GOs氧化前后表面官能团的变化。结果显示，经UV/H2O2, UV/PS氧化1 h后，GOs表面的含氧官能团数量开始明显减少；吸附动力学过程更符合准二级动力学模型（R2>0.999）；吸附热力学过程更符合Langmuir模型，MB饱和吸附量(经UV/H2O2和UV/PS氧化1、2、4 h后分别记G1-1, G1-2, G1-3, G2-1, G2-2, G2-3)依次为580.26, 591.80, 598.63, 521.77, 554.91, 568.00 mg/g。研究表明，GO可以快速吸附较大浓度范围内的MB，且对低浓度染料表现出更好的去除效果；GO对MB的吸附量随着pH值的增加逐渐增大，且在碱性条件下的增加得更明显；经氧化处理后，GOs的吸附性能随着氧化时间的增长，性能减弱，尤其在UV/PS体系中更为显著。     

改进型过氧钼酸法制备无定形MoO3薄膜

通过金属钼粉与H2O2反应制得过氧钼酸溶胶液后，减压蒸馏除去过氧钼酸溶液中的溶剂水和过量的H2O2，再加入无水乙醇作为溶剂，采用浸泽一提拉法成功地在玻璃表面制备了平整均匀的无定形MoO3薄膜．并通过热分析和X射线衍射分析等对MoO3薄膜的制备机理进行了探讨．     

生长素和细胞分裂素对平邑甜茶组培苗PAs和NO含量的影响

 以平邑甜茶继代组培苗为试材，研究了NAA、IBA、ZT和6-BA作用下组培苗的生长、内源多胺（PAs）和一氧化氮（NO）含量的变化。结果表明，在MS培养基中添加0.02 ~ 1.00 mg·L^-1的NAA或IBA后，外植体鲜样质量增加率和蛋白质含量以及多胺含量和一氧化氮含量均明显增加，其中浓度在0.10 ~ 0.50 mg·L^-1 时增加最高；同样浓度下，NAA处理的外植体鲜样质量增加率和腐胺含量高于IBA。在0.08 ~ 4.00 mg·L^-1范围内，随着ZT或6-BA浓度的升高，外植体鲜样质量增加率、可溶性蛋白含量、多胺含量和一氧化氮含量均逐渐升高；同样浓度下，6-BA处理的外植体鲜样质量增率和腐胺含量高于ZT。生长素和细胞分裂素促进组培苗生长与促进内源PAs和NO的生成相伴随，组培苗生长动态与内源多胺和一氧化氮含量的变化趋势一致。     

An “electronic nose” as a potential device for fire detection of forest product fire loads in enclosures

Abstract

Saving lives and properties are of primary importance in fire disasters. Unfortunately, current fire detectors are not fast enough to allow the detection of many fires, especially, at the smouldering stages. Some preliminary studies on laevoglucosan (LG), as an important product from cellulose degradation, have shown interesting properties and could be detected by devices classified as “electronic noses” (e-noses). In the present work, the mechanisms of pyrolysis of some ligno-cellulosic materials were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by a tube furnace with a view to determining the major degradation products from wood, white paper and cardboard samples. Additionally, an odour sensor, made of tin oxide semiconductor thin film, was employed to evaluate its sensitivity in detecting LG. It was found that LG can be readily found among the thermal degradation products of cellulosic materials in question, and that the metal oxide sensor employed was sufficiently sensitive in detecting its presence. Therefore, the work opens up the potential of using such a sensor as an “e-nose” for the early detection of fires stemming from forest product fire loads in storage places and in other enclosures.     

Local pulmonary immune responses in domestic cats naturally infected with Cytauxzoon felis

Cytauxzoonosis is a hemoprotozoal disease of cats and wild felids in the South and Southeastern United States caused by Cytauxzoon felis. Although the causative agent has been recognized since the seventies, no study has examined the local immune response in affected organs, such as the lung, and compared them to the lungs of uninfected domestic cats. Previous studies have suggested that the histopathologic findings in the lungs of C. felis-infected cats are caused by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and increased production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), by the infected macrophages. Our laboratory had previously found an upregulation of the adhesion molecule CD18, which can stimulate the release of these pro-inflammatory mediators. The objective of this study was to characterize local pulmonary immune responses in cats naturally infected with C. felis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II in 19 lungs from affected cats that died between 2005 and 2013. Results showed increased expression of all of these molecules when compared to lungs from uninfected, healthy cats. Furthermore, MHC II is expressed in the endothelium of C. felis naturally infected cats. These results support that there is a marked, local, pro-inflammatory immune response that can contribute to the pathogenesis of cytauxzoonosis in the lungs.     

Characterization of an intravenous lipopolysaccharide inflammation model in calves with respect to the acute-phase response

Our objective was to develop a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammation model in calves to evaluate the acute-phase response with respect to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins, fever development and sickness behaviour. Fourteen 4-week-old male Holstein Friesian calves were included and randomly assigned to a negative control group (n = 3) and an LPS-challenged group (n = 11). The latter received an intravenous bolus injection of 0.5 μg of LPS/kg body weight. Blood collection and clinical scoring were performed at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 28, 32, 48, 54 and 72 h post LPS administration (p.a.). In the LPS group, the following clinical signs were observed successively: tachypnoea (on average 18 min p.a.), decubitus (29 min p.a.), general depression (1.75 h p.a.), fever (5 h p.a.) and tachycardia (5 h p.a.). Subsequent to the recovery from respiratory distress, general depression was prominent, which deteriorated when fever increased. One animal did not survive LPS administration, whereas the other animals recovered on average within 6.1 h p.a. Moreover, the challenge significantly increased plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, with peaking levels at 1, 3.5, 24 and 18 h p.a., respectively. The present LPS model was practical and reproducible, caused obvious clinical signs related to endotoxemia and a marked change in the studied inflammatory mediators, making it a suitable model to study the immunomodulatory properties of drugs in future research.     

Mitigation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from swine wastewater treatment in an aerobic bioreactor packed with carbon fibers

Mitigation of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from swine wastewater treatment was demonstrated in an aerobic bioreactor packed with carbon fibers (CF reactor). The CF reactor had a demonstrated advantage in mitigating N₂O emission and avoiding NOx (NO₃ + NO₂) accumulation. The N₂O emission factor was 0.0003 g N₂O‐N/gTN‐load in the CF bioreactor compared to 0.03 gN₂O‐N/gTN‐load in an activated sludge reactor (AS reactor). N₂O and CH₄ emissions from the CF reactor were 42 g‐CO₂ eq/m³/day, while those from the AS reactor were 725 g‐CO₂ eq/m³/day. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the CF reactor removed an average of 156 mg/L of the NH₄‐N, and accumulated an average of 14 mg/L of the NO₃‐N. In contrast, the DIN in the AS reactor removed an average 144 mg/L of the NH₄‐N and accumulated an average 183 mg/L of the NO₃‐N. NO₂‐N was almost undetectable in both reactors.     

硼酸共沉淀法合成含硼氧化铁的结构状况解析

在水合法制备针铁矿过程中添加HBO3,对合成的样品作红外光谱和比表面积分析.结果表明,共沉淀法合成的样品在1343 cm处有特征吸收峰,说明在针铁矿形成过程中,如果有H3BO3参与,则形成的氧化铁中存在Fe-O-B键结构,可能在氧化铁内部有一种新硼铁化合物生成.比表面积测定表明,含B氧化铁比表面积增加4倍以上,反映了氧化铁与H3BO3并非机械混合物,其表面性质因为Fe与B反应而发生改变,B阻止氧化铁向高聚合态转变.